Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk received his Ph.D. from the University of Vienna in 1876 and completed his habilitation at the same university in 1879. In 1882, he was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the Faculty of Arts in Prague. With the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, he was elected the first President of the Czechoslovak Republic. Masaryk wrote several books, including The Czech Question (1895), The Problems of Small Nations in the European Crisis (1915), The New Europe (1917), and The World Revolution (1925).